What is Periodontal Disease? Causes, Treatment & Why Early Care Matters
03/02/2026
Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, is a serious condition that affects the gums, bone, and supporting structures of the teeth.
If left untreated, it can lead to tooth loss and increase the risk of other health issues. Understanding the causes, progression, and treatment options is essential for maintaining healthy gums and a strong smile.
What is Periodontal Disease?
Periodontal disease is a chronic bacterial infection that damages the gum tissue and bone that hold teeth in place. It starts as mild gingivitis (gum inflammation) and, if untreated, progresses to periodontitis, where deep pockets form around the teeth, leading to bone loss and, eventually, tooth loss.
Causes of Periodontal Disease
- Plaque Buildup – The main cause is the accumulation of plaque (a sticky film of bacteria) on teeth and gums. If not removed, plaque hardens into tartar, which harbors bacteria and causes infection.
- Poor Oral Hygiene – Infrequent brushing and flossing allow plaque to build up, increasing the risk of gum disease.
- Smoking & Tobacco Use – Weakens the immune system, making it harder for gums to heal.
- Genetics – Some people are more genetically prone to gum disease.
- Underlying Health Conditions – Diabetes, heart disease, and autoimmune disorders can increase susceptibility.
- Hormonal Changes – Pregnancy, menopause, and puberty can make gums more sensitive and prone to infection.
- Diet & Nutrition – A lack of vitamins (especially vitamin C) and poor nutrition can weaken the gums.
- Teeth Grinding (Bruxism) – Can put excessive pressure on the gums, worsening gum disease.
How Periodontal Disease Progresses
Stage 1: Gingivitis – Gums become red, swollen, and bleed easily when brushing or flossing. At this stage, the damage is reversible with good oral hygiene and professional cleaning.
Stage 2: Early Periodontitis – Plaque and tartar begin to move below the gumline, causing gum recession and mild bone loss.
Stage 3: Moderate Periodontitis – Infection deepens, destroying more bone and connective tissue. Gums pull away, forming deep pockets around the teeth, leading to loose teeth and persistent bad breath.
Stage 4: Advanced Periodontitis – Severe bone loss occurs, and teeth may become loose or fall out. Infection can spread, leading to abscesses and pain.
Risks of Not Treating Periodontal Disease
- Tooth Loss – As gums recede and bone deteriorates, teeth become unstable and eventually fall out.
- Increased Risk of Heart Disease & Stroke – The bacteria from gum disease can enter the bloodstream, contributing to inflammation and cardiovascular issues.
- Diabetes Complications – Gum disease makes blood sugar harder to control, worsening diabetes symptoms.
- Respiratory Problems – Inhaling bacteria from infected gums can increase the risk of pneumonia and other lung diseases.
- Pregnancy Complications – Periodontal disease has been linked to preterm birth and low birth weight in babies.
Treatment Options for Periodontal Disease
- Professional Cleaning & Scaling – Removes plaque and tartar buildup to stop the disease from progressing.
- Guided Biofilm Therapy (GBT) – A gentle, effective method for removing bacterial biofilm and reducing inflammation.
- Scaling & Root Planing (Deep Cleaning) – A deep-cleaning procedure to remove bacteria from below the gumline.
- Laser Therapy – Minimally invasive treatment to remove infected tissue and bacteria.
- Antibiotic Therapy – Used in severe cases to control infection.
- Surgery (Gum Grafts or Bone Grafts) – In advanced cases, surgery may be needed to restore lost gum or bone tissue.
How to Prevent Periodontal Disease
- Brush Twice Daily – Use a fluoride toothpaste and a soft-bristled toothbrush.
- Floss Daily – Removes plaque from between the teeth where brushing can’t reach.
- Use Antibacterial Mouthwash – Helps reduce bacteria and inflammation.
- Regular Dental Check-ups & Hygienist Visits – Professional cleanings help prevent gum disease from developing.
- Quit Smoking – Reduces your risk significantly.
- Eat a Healthy Diet – Include vitamins and nutrients that support gum health.
Final Thoughts
Periodontal disease is preventable and treatable, but early intervention is key. If you’re experiencing bleeding gums, bad breath, or gum recession, don’t ignore the signs—visit your dentist for a gum health assessment. A little care now can save your smile in the future!
Would you like more information on gum disease treatments or prevention tips? Get in touch with our treatment co ordinator for further information.
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